Kya Islam Mein Organ Transplant ya Donation Jaiz Hai?

Taaruf

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Aise organs jin par zindagi depend karti hai — jaise dil (heart) ya jigar (liver) — toe aise organs dena tamaam ulema ke nazdeek na-jaiz hai. Kyunke aise organ nikalne se dene wale ki maut ho jaati hai, aur kisi ki jaan lena Islam mein sakhti se mana hai.

Islam mein Organ Transplant ya organ dena un hisson ka ho, jin par zindagi ka dar-o-madar nahi hota — jaise gurda (kidney) ya khoon ki nasein — toe ulema ke do mukhtalif rai hain:

1. Kuch kehte hain ke khaas sharaait ke chaltey insani organ ka transplant karna jaiz hai.

2. Jabke doosre kehte hain ke kisi bhi surat mein organ transplant karna jaiz nahi hai.

Islam Mein Organ Transplant Ki Ijazat Dene Wale Fatwe

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Kayi mo’tabar Islami idarey aur ulema ke jamaaton ne organ transplant ka jaiz hone ke fatwe diye hain, bas shart yeh hai ke is se dene wale ko koi nuksan ya maut na ho. In mein shaamil hain:

• Malaysia mein mun’aqid hui Aalmi Islami Conference.
• Majlis-e-Fiqh-e-Islami (jiska fatwe mein zikr hai).
• Saudi Arab ki Hai’at-e-Kibar-ul-Ulamaa.
• Jordan, Kuwait, Misr aur Algeria ki Fatwa Commitiyan.
• Hind ki Islami Fiqh Academy.

Is rai ko mashhoor Ulema, kai Fuqaha aur Muhqqiqeen bhi support karte hain.

Insani Jism Ki Hurmat

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Islam mein Organ Transplant ke mas’ale ko samajhne ke liye, Insani Jism ki Hurmat ke baarey mein samajhna zaroori hai. Is silsile mein do aham nuqton par ghour karna zaroori hai:

Sab se pehle, yeh baat bilkul durust hai ke insani jism — chahe zinda ho ya mar chuka ho — izzat aur hurmat ka haqdaar hai. Lekin sawal yeh uthta hai ke kya aaj ke zamane ke medical tareeqe is hurmat ki khilaf warzi karte hain? Islam humein insani jism ki izzat karne ka hukm deta hai, lekin iska koi khaas tareeqa muqarrar nahi karta. Be-izzati ya be-hurmati karna kisay kehte hain, yeh zamane aur society ke rivaaj ke mutabiq badal sakta hai.

Is liye yeh kaha ja sakta hai ke aaj kal ka organ transplant ka nizaam insani jism ki hurmat ko nahi todhta. Aise surgical amal bohot ihtiyaat aur izzat ke sath kiye jaate hain, aur inhein be-izzati nahi samjha jaata. Balkay society ke kai mo’tabar log organ dene ko ek izzat wali aur qabil-e-tareef amal samajhte hain, na ke koi ghalat kaam.

Doosri baat yeh hai ke kuch haalaat aise hote hain jahan Islami qanoon insani jism ki hurmat ko nazar-andaz karne ki ijazat deta hai — jaise jab yeh kaam kisi doosre insaan ki zindagi bachane ke liye kiya jaaye.

Tuhfat al-Fuqaha mein likha gaya hai: “Agar koi aurat hamal ke dauraan wafat kar jaaye aur uske pait mein bachcha zinda ho, to uska pait kaat kar bachche ko nikaal liya jaayega, kyunke is mein ek insaan ki zindagi bachana shaamil hai. Is surat mein insani jism ki hurmat ko nazar-andaz karna jaiz hai.” (Samarqandi, Tuhfat al-Fuqaha, 4/261 & Badai’i al-Sana’i)

Ye baat us Qaida (Fiqhi Usool) par bhi mabni hai ke: ‘Jab do buraiyon ka saamna ho, to chhoti burai ko ikhtiyar karna chahiye.”

Jahan tak is nazariye ka taalluq hai ke insaan apne jism ka malik nahi hai, Islam kuch khaas haalaat mein insaan ko apne jism se faida uthane ki ijazat deta hai. Yeh us maal ke jaisa hai jo Allah Ta‘ala ne insaan ko diya hai — jise woh halaal tareeqe se istemaal kar sakta hai, aur chahe to doosron ko hadiya (gift) bhi kar sakta hai.

Misal ke taur par, agar koi insaan paani mein doob raha ho ya aag mein phansa ho, to usay bachane ke liye apni jaan ka khatra uthana bilkul jaiz hai. Isi tarah, agar kisi doosre insaan ki zindagi bachane ke liye organ dena zaroori ho, to yeh bhi Islam mein jaiz hai.

Taqariban tamaam ulema zarurat ke haalaat mein khoon dene ya uska transfer karne ki ijazat dete hain. Isi tarah, organ transplant ka amal bhi bohot ehtiyaat se kiya jaata hai taake jism ko be-wajah nuqsan na pohonche. Yeh amal un normal surgeries jaisa hota hai jo zinda insaan par ilaaj ya kisi marz ke liye kiya jaata hai.

Sabse Qabil-e-Qabool Aur Mautabar rai kya hai?

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Ulema ke nazdeek jo zyada maqbool aur mazboot raaye hai Islam mein Organ Transplant ke barey mein, woh yeh hai ke Islam mein organ dena aur organ transplant karna jaiz hai, jab tak is se dene wale ki maut na ho aur yeh kaam kisi doosre insaan ki zindagi bachane ya behtar karne ke liye kiya jaaye.

Is raaye ko support karte hue, Islamic Fiqh Council — jo Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) ka hissa hai — ne bohot gehri guftagu ke baad, jismein Islami fuqaha aur tibbi maahir dono shaamil the, kuch faislay jaari kiye. In faislon mein dono — medical aur shari — maloomat shaamil hain, is liye unhein yahan mukammal taur par zikr karna munasib hai.

Islamic Fiqh Council (OIC) Ka Faisla

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Bayan number 26, jo is baare mein hai ke ek insaan doosre insaan ke jism ke hisson se — chahe woh zinda ho ya mar chuka ho — faida uthaye, yeh likha gaya hai:

“Islamic Fiqh Council ne apni chauthi conference mein, jo Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) mein 18 se 23 Jumada al-Akhira 1408H (6 se 11 February 1988) tak hui, fiqhi aur tibbi research ka mutaala karne ke baad — jo is maslay par pesh ki gayi thi ke ek insaan doosre insaan ke jism ke hisson se (zinda ya mar chuke) faida utha sakta hai ya nahi — yeh faisla diya:

Bahas ke dauran yeh wazeh hua ke yeh masla science aur tib mein taraqqi ke natije mein paida hua hai, jiska kai jagahon par faida bhi dekha gaya hai. Lekin agar is par amal shariyat ke usool aur qawaid ke bagair kiya jaaye, toe yeh insani izzat aur hurmat ke khilaf ja sakta hai, aur logon ko nafsiyati aur samaaji nuqsan bhi pohonch sakta hai. Is liye, shariyat yeh chahti hai ke aise kaam usi tarah kiye jaayein jahan insani hurmat barqarar rahe, logon aur muashray ke liye faida ho, aur ta‘awun (madad), rehmat aur eesaari (dusron ke liye apni khushi qurban karna) ko badhawa mile,

Aur jab is mawzoo ke aham nuqaat samjha diye gaye aur unhein mukhtalif qism mein taqseem kar liya gaya, to is ke mutaliq yeh faisla diya gaya:

Taarif ke hawalay se:

Pehli baat: Yahan “organ” (Aaza) se murad insaan ke jism ka koi bhi hissa hai — jaise ke tissues, cells, khoon waghera — chahe woh jism se juda ho chuka ho ya abhi laga ho, jaise aankh ka cornea waghera.

Doosri baat: Yahan jis faide ka zikr hai, us se murad woh zaruri faida hai jo kisi insaan ki zindagi bachane ke liye ya uske jism ke kisi zaruri hissa (jaise dekhne ki salahiyat waghera) ko chalaye rakhne ke liye zaroori ho. Aur yeh faida us shakhs ko diya jaaye jiske jaan ki hifazat shari‘at ke mutabiq laazmi hai.

Teesri baat: Aise faide ya istemaal ko teen qisam mein taqseem kiya gaya hai:

1. Zinda insaan se organ ka transplant
2. Mare hue insaan se organ ka transplant
3. Janin (pet mein maujood bachcha) se organ ka transplant.

Zinda Insaan Se Organ Ka Transplant

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Yeh qism — “Islam mein zinda insaan se organ transplant” — in baaton ko apne andar shaamil karti hai:

1) Ek hi insaan ke jism ke ek hissa se doosre hissa mein organ lagana — jaise ke jild (skin), haddiyan (bones), nasen (veins), khoon, ya cartilage ka transplant karna waghera.

2) Ek zinda insaan ke jism se organ nikal kar kisi doosre insaan ke jism mein lagana.

Is surat mein organs do qisam ke hote hain — ek wo jin par zindagi ka daro-madar hota hai, aur doosre wo jin par zindagi ka daro-madar nahi hota hai. Jin organs par zindagi ka daro-madar hota hai, un mein kuch aise hote hain jo sirf ek hi hote hain, jaise dil (heart) aur jigar (liver), aur kuch aise hote hain jo ek se zyada hote hain, jaise gurde (kidneys) aur phephrey (lungs).

Jin organs par zindagi ka daro-madar nahi hota, un mein se kuch aise hote hain jo jism ke bunyadi kaam ko control karte hain, aur kuch aise bhi hote hain jo nahi karte. Kuch organs khud-ba-khud dobara ban jaate hain, jaise khoon, jabke kuch dobara nahi bante. Kuch organs aise hote hain jo insaan ki nasl, genes aur shakhsiyat par asar daalte hain, jaise testicles, ovaries aur nervous system ke cells, aur kuch aise bhi hote hain jin ka koi aisa asar nahi hota.

Mare Hue Insaan Se Organ Ka Transplant

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Yeh baat yaad rakhi jaaye ke maut do qisam ki hoti hai:

1) Pehli qism brain death hoti hai, jismein dimagh ke tamaam kaam poori tarah ruk jaate hain aur unhein kisi bhi tibbi tareeqe se wapas nahi laya ja sakta.

2) Doosri qism woh hoti hai jismein dil dhadakna aur saans lena poori tarah band ho jaata hai, aur use kisi bhi tibbi tareeqe se wapas shuru nahi kiya ja sakta.

In dono qismon ka zikr Council ke teesre ijlaas mein paas kiye gaye faislay mein kiya gaya tha.

Janin (fetus) Se Organ Ka Transplant

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Is surat mein faida ya istemaal teen qism mein taqseem hota hai:

1) Jab janin (fetus) khud-ba-khud gir jaaye, yani miscarriage (Isqaat-e-Haml) ho.

2) Jab janin ko jaan-boojh kar, tibbi ya ghair-qanooni tareeqe se giraya jaaye.

3) Jab fertilization bachadani (uterus) ke bahar kiya jaaye.

Islam Mien Organ Transplant Ke Shar‘i Ahkaam

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Shar‘i ahkaam ke mutaliq, jaise ke Resolution No. 26 (1/4) mein zikr hai jo International Islamic Fiqh Academy (Organization of the Islamic Conference) ke zariye chauthay ijlaas mein Jeddah, Saudi Arabia mein 18–23 Jumada al-Akhira 1408H (6–11 February 1988) ko hua tha, us mein yeh kaha gaya hai:

1) Islam mein ek insaan ke jism ke ek hissa se doosre hissa mein organ transplant karna jaiz hai, bas shart yeh hai ke is se milne wala faida kisi mumkin nuksan se zyada ho. Yeh ijazat us surat mein hoti hai jab yeh amal kisi khoe hue organ ko wapas laane, uske normal kaam ya shakl ko behtar karne, ya kisi aisi kharabi ya nuqs ko durust karne ke liye ho jo insaan ke liye jismani ya zehni pareshani ka sabab ban rahi ho.

2) Islam mein ek insaan ke jism se doosre insaan ke jism mein organ lagana jaiz hai, jab woh organ fitratan dobara ban sakta ho — jaise khoon ya jild (skin). Lekin yeh zaroori hai ke dene wala puri tarah se ahl ho aur tamam shar‘i (Islami qanooni) sharaait puri karta ho.

3) Islam mein yeh bhi jaiz hai ke kisi insaan ke jism se, kisi bimari ki wajah se nikaale gaye organ ka faida uthaya jaaye — jaise kisi shakhs ki aankh bimari ki wajah se nikaali gayi ho, to uski cornea doosre insaan ke liye istemaal ki ja sakti hai.

4) Islam mein organ transplant karna haram hai agar woh organ aisa ho jis par zindagi ka daro-madar ho — jaise zinda insaan ke dil ko nikaal kar kisi doosre insaan mein lagana.

5) Islam mein organ transplant karna haram hai agar zinda insaan ke jism se aisa organ nikaala jaaye jiska nikaalna kisi zaruri jismani kaam ke khatam hone ka sabab ban jaaye — chahe zindagi us par depend na karti ho, jaise dono aankhon ki cornea nikaal lena. Lekin agar nikaalne ke baad bhi kuch had tak us kaam ki salahiyat baqi rahe, to phir is ka hukm ulema ke tafseeli ikhtilaf ke mutabiq hoga, jaisa ke section 8 mein wazeh kiya gaya hai.

6) Islam mein yeh jaiz hai ke kisi marhoom (mar chuke) shakhs ke jism se organ nikaal kar kisi zinda insaan mein lagaya jaaye, jab uski zindagi ya zaruri jismani kaam us par depend karte hon. Yeh sirf us surat mein jaiz hai jab marhoom ne apni zindagi mein iski ijazat di ho, ya uske inteqal ke baad uske waris ijazat dein. Aur agar us shakhs ki pehchaan maloom na ho aur uske koi waris bhi na hon, to phir yeh kaam un Islami intizamiyaat ke ijazat se ho sakta hai jo aise maamlaat dekhte hain.

7) Yeh baat khaas tor par samajhni chahiye ke Islam mein organ transplant ki jo ijazat di gayi hai, woh is shart ke sath hai ke organs ko bech kar yeh kaam na kiya jaaye, kyunke insani jism ka koi hissa bechna har surat mein sakhti se mana hai. Lekin agar lene wala shakhs zarurat ke organ ke liye paisa kharch kare, ya kisi tarah se dene wale ko kuch muawza ya izzat ke tor par kuch de, to aise maamlaat ijtihad (ulema ki tafseeli rai aur soch-vichar) ke daayre mein aate hain aur in par mazeed ilmiyon ka ba-amal guftagu zaroori hai.

8) Is mawzoo se mutaliq tamaam maamlaat par mazeed tehqeeq aur guftagu ki zarurat hai. Inhein mustaqbil ke kisi ijlaas mein tibbi maloomat aur shar‘i ahkaam ko madde nazar rakhte hue tafseel se dekhna aur samjhana chahiye.

[“Qaraar majma al-fiqhi al-Islami, P. 59-60”]

Ikhtitami Kalimaat

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Organ transplant Islam mein ek pechida mas’ala hai jo insaani jism ki hurmat ko mehfooz rakhne aur Shari‘at ke aala maqasid — yani insani jaan bachane aur takleef door karne — ke darmiyan tawazun banata hai.

Qur’an, Sunnah aur mo’tabar Islami fiqhi councils ke jama‘i faislon ka gehra mutala karne ke baad, sab se qawi aur maqbool rai yeh hai ke Islam mein organ transplant aur organ donation jaiz hai, magar kuch sharait ke saath. Jaise ke:

• Is amal se donor ki maut na waqeh ho,

• Yeh kaam poori raza-mandi aur maloomati ijazat ke saath kiya jaye,

• Is ka maqsad kisi insaan ki zindagi bachana ya us ko behtar banana ho,

• Aur is mein kisi qisam ki organ ki tijarat ya maali istihsal shamil na ho.

Yeh hukm Islam ke gehre insani pehlu ko zahir karta hai — jism ki hurmat bhi mehfooz rakhta hai aur insani dard-mandi aur ta’awun ka bhi taqaza karta hai. Yeh us asool ka izhar hai jo Allah Ta’ala ne farmaya:

“neki aur parhezgaari ke kaamon mein ek doosre ki madad kiya karo, aur gunah aur zulm ki baaton mein madad na kiya karo, aur Allah se darte raho. Beshak Allah ka azaab sakht hai.” [Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:2]